Stimulation of the peripheral nervous system for the painful extremity.

Peripheral nerve stimulation and, recently, peripheral nerve field stimulation are excellent options for the control of extremity pain in instances where conventional methods have failed and surgical treatment is ruled inappropriate. New techniques, ultrasound guidance, smaller generators, and task-specific neuromodulatory hardware and leads result in increasingly safe, stable and efficacious treatment of pain in the extremities. Peripheral nerve stimulation has shown to be an increasingly viable option for many painful conditions with neuropathic and possibly nociceptive origins. This chapter focuses on the historical use of neuromodulation in the extremities, technical tasks associated with implant, selection of candidates, and potential pitfalls of and solutions for implanting devices around the peripheral nervous system for extremity pain.